De récentes découvertes faites en France précisent les caractères des humains vivants au Pléistocène, révélés par l’étude de restes fossiles de leur ADN. Le Pléistocène est la première époque géologique du Quaternaire et l’avant-dernière sur l’échelle des temps géologiques. Elle s’étend de 2,58 millions d’années à 11 700 ans avant le présent. Elle est précédée par le Pliocène et suivie par l’Holocène. Le Pléistocène est marqué par les cycles glaciaires.,
Ces découvertes viennent d’être publiées par Nature dans deux articles dont nous donnons ici les références et les abstracts
Article 1
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06035-2#Sec5
Ancient human DNA recovered from a Palaeolithic pendant
Published: 03 May 2023
Nature volume618, pages 328–332 (2023)
Abstract
Artefacts made from stones, bones and teeth are fundamental to our understanding of human subsistence strategies, behaviour and culture in the Pleistocene. Although these resources are plentiful, it is impossible to associate artefacts to specific human individuals1 who can be morphologically or genetically characterized, unless they are found within burials, which are rare in this time period. Thus, our ability to discern the societal roles of Pleistocene individuals based on their biological sex or genetic ancestry is limited2,3,4,5. Here we report the development of a non-destructive method for the gradual release of DNA trapped in ancient bone and tooth artefacts. Application of the method to an Upper Palaeolithic deer tooth pendant from Denisova Cave, Russia, resulted in the recovery of ancient human and deer mitochondrial genomes, which allowed us to estimate the age of the pendant at approximately 19,000–25,000 years. Nuclear DNA analysis identifies the presumed maker or wearer of the pendant as a female individual with strong genetic affinities to a group of Ancient North Eurasian individuals who lived around the same time but were previously found only further east in Siberia. Our work redefines how cultural and genetic records can be linked in prehistoric archaeology.
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Article 2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06350-8
Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community
Abstract
Social anthropology and ethnographic studies have described kinship systems and networks of contact and exchange in extant populations1,2,3,4. However, for prehistoric societies, these systems can be studied only indirectly from biological and cultural remains. Stable isotope data, sex and age at death can provide insights into the demographic structure of a burial community and identify local versus non-local childhood signatures, archaeogenetic data can reconstruct the biological relationships between individuals, which enables the reconstruction of pedigrees, and combined evidence informs on kinship practices and residence patterns in prehistoric societies. Here we report ancient DNA, strontium isotope and contextual data from more than 100 individuals from the site Gurgy ‘les Noisats’ (France), dated to the western European Neolithic around 4850–4500 BC. We find that this burial community was genetically connected by two main pedigrees, spanning seven generations, that were patrilocal and patrilineal, with evidence for female exogamy and exchange with genetically close neighbouring groups. The microdemographic structure of individuals linked and unlinked to the pedigrees reveals additional information about the social structure, living conditions and site occupation. The absence of half-siblings and the high number of adult full siblings suggest that there were stable health conditions and a supportive social network, facilitating high fertility and low mortality5. Age-structure differences and strontium isotope results by generation indicate that the site was used for just a few decades, providing new insights into shifting sedentary farming practices during the European Neolithic.
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